Impact of Agricultural Changes in Goa

Impact of Agricultural Changes in GoaINTRODUCTIONEtymologic anyy the stipulation Agri nicety is derived as follows Agri means field or soil and culture means the c be of or tilling. It includes all such human efforts as atomic number 18 conducive to the quick and better growth of vegetables and animal products for the bring in of man. In the last fifty years of liberation, the acres has undergone and witnessed in the horticulture sector. At the time of liberation, nearly twain third of the population was snarled in factory get up as their primary occupation. Paddy was the predominant bring down of the state followed by cashew and coconut. The situation now changing and at present we ask cashew nut which is cultivated in nearly 55,000 Ha with paddy 31,000 Ha. The e push backation of horticulture trots nowadays atomic number 18 gaining importance due to the grievous re curves, lower risk and tolerance of these crop for part time ground argon greatly influence.The state of Goa is providing assistance to agribusiness at all trains to provide substantial returns to verdant people.The Agriculture Department gives assistance for granger from globe preparation of the extent of trade of the become. The Department of Agriculture with is honcho quarter at Tonca, Panaji implements informational programme through zonal acculturation offices located in each talukas level and training center at district level. Laboratories are set up at district level to test the soil where soil health cards are issued for study and microGoa organism a progressive state, the farmers face tremendous paucity of labor who could work on the fields . The appearence of machine for activities in husbandry is emerging trend. Goan farmers having small land holding and nearly 80% of farmers own less than 1 ha of land. The g overnment preferred smaller machine to farmers and provides financial assistance for such machines.In the state of Goa farming is one of th e most important economic activity. . Lies between the Arabian ocean and the Western Ghats, to feed its own people Goa faces fusss . The coastal areas are loose to salinity and not suitable for farming , while the inland areas are not productive enough. So for its day-to-day contracts of countrified produce give care vegetables, Goa is dependent on Karnataka and Maharashtra for its day to day needs of agrarian produce equal vegetables. However, approximately one-third of the intact land in Goa falls under woodland areas and outturns substantial profits.The government, however, has done much to alter and develop agriculture in Goa to make it more(prenominal) productive, gum olibanum modify the farmers to get a better return for their labor. Rice and fish creation the staple diet of the people, paddy becomes the prominent crop in the scenario of agriculture in Goa. The important crops, besides paddy, are maize, ragi, bajra, jowar and pulses. Cash crops like mango aerecan ut jackfruit, banana pineapple, cashew nut coconut, are also swelled in abundance. Cashew is one of the most important crop in Goa. unitary kind of intoxicating drink called Feni is produced from cashew. Sugarcane cultivation has been modern phenomena and a sugar factory has also been set up in Goa. in that location are different variety of mangoes are grown in Goa. almost of the famous Mango varieties are mancurade, mussarade, fernandine, xavier, alfonsa, colaco. Kapo (hard) and Rasal (soft) are two varieties of jackfruit are grown here. The vegetables that are commonly part of the agriculture in Goa are ladys fingers, radish, brinjol, pumpkins, cucumber, drumsticks, breadfruit and different varieties of gourds. Sweet potatoes, chillies, onions are also forthcoming in Goa.Paddy being the principal crop of Goa, it is grown in two seasons, namely Kharif or sorod and the rabi or vaingan. The crops which are grown in monsoon are called the kharif crops and the winter crops are c alled rabi crops. The main sources of irrigation for winter crops are the nallahs, rivers and streams, tanks, wells and canals. trim downs which are grown in the Kharif season consist of paddy, ragi (locally called nachani) and some pulses. makes grown in the rabi season are comprised of paddy, pulses like horse-gram (kulith), b overleap gram (udid), a variety of beans and some vegetables.However even though one 4th of the population is sustain by agriculture in Goa, it contributes to only 15 to 16 percent to the income of the state. Due to rapid urbanization the availability of hoidenish land is reducing.In Goa, shifting cultivation is locally known as Kumeri and it is this form of agriculture that is largely responsible for producing Goas output of nachne, other millets and pulses. However, agriculturally instruct farmers, scientists or foresters condemn kumeri cultivation as ecologically damaging and sustained effort have been made by the forest and Agriculture part to di scontinue such cultivation. There are basically 5 stages in Kumeri cultivation. Felling an area of forests, fixing the dead vegetation, planting or sowing seeds without the plough, weeding and eventually harvesting. though virgin forests give higher yields, kumeri cultivation prefers a secondary forest for cultivation. This is because clearing primary forest is quite an dangerous task, requiring more custody and demanding a larger changeing limit for the felled vegetation. In Goa, Kumeri cultivation became a problem for 2 reasons. First, during Portuguese regime, large chunk of hilly areas have been say as forests and later by the Goa government thus reducing drastically the Kumeri cycles of the tribals. Secondly forest Department cleared felled forest with in the non-protected areas and converted these to monoculture species of eucalyptus and teak, thereby affecting forest availability to Kumeri cultivation. The elimination of Kumeri cultivation has led to a drastic decline in the availability of millets like nachne which have remained the traditional diet of the economically unprivileged population in Goa. Goa being a small state in area, agricultural land is some measure used for nonagricultural purposes. Large areas are used to build bus-stands, highways, buildings and so forth universe situated in the coastal belt, the real estate industry in Goa has grown much higher during the last few years and the land damages are soaring high, thereby luring the farmers to keep their land unbroken and and so sell it off for a huge market p sieve. It is also give that the increase in residential area has led to increased cast away activities which may include mud and rubble. These activities lead to rain water clogging instead of it rushing into the sea. This factor too keeps the farmers from cultivating their lands and they prefer to keep it fallow as improving the drainage can be a real costly affair. Farming in Goa is mainly dependent on the stretch of monsoons. The quality and quantity of cropd by timely required rains . At times the farmers are helpless with the late arrival of monsoons which in turn leads to delay sowing and thus low yield. At times there is a dry spell which also affects the growth of crops. All this calls for better irrigation facilities. The fact that touristry industry in Goa has flourished, has had its implications on agriculture too. The tourism industry gives more lucrative offers to the present day youth, thus providing them with regular employment. And this aspect leads to the contiguous problem faced by farmers i.e. availability of promote and high labour cost. With the younger generation not wanting to soil their hands in the land and looking out for white collar jobs and green pastures overseas, deficit of labour has led farmers to hire labour from other states. This in turn has increased the cost of farming. The neighbouring states of Goa like Maharashtra and Karnataka have abundant of 4 agric ultural activity and thus the agricultural products are low priced. Thus trade these products works out much cheaper than cultivating them.LITERATURE REVIEWharmonize Olekar Ramesh (2008) agriculture has been one of the important part of our economy. There are more than 60% of our people depend upon agriculture for their livelihood. It is a way of life, a tradition agriculture will continue to be central to all the strategies for socio-economic development of the country. Rapid growth of agriculture will not only break continued nutriment security but also aid in growth in industry and the GDP. To maintain growth in agriculture quote plays an important role. The amount of agriculture source given by the bank to the farmers has increased from over the year. This has been an impressive development in banking consultation sector, considering the fact that there are several problems like accessing credit for grower and problem providing loan by the bank.Chand Ramesh et. al (2010) duologue virtually agriculturalproduction and farm income in India involve several risks. One and only mechanism available to safeguard against production risks is crop indemnification. For eg.the scheme called as NationalAgriculturalInsurance device(NAIS) operating in the country and has suggested several modifications to make crop insurance more hard-hitting. only when the coverage of this scheme in toll of crop area, number of farmers and determine ofagriculturaloutput is very(prenominal) small.To make agriculture risk management more effective the present level of coverage have to be change. Such an profit has financial implication and will have an impact on up-to-date insurance practices.Therefore it requires renewed effort on the part of the government in terms of designing appropriate mechanism and providing support in terms of finance.,to agricultural insurance.Kumar and Sameer(2009) focuses on the implementation Kishan Credit Card (KCC)Schemein India.The Governmen t of India consulted with the defend Bank of India, and National Bank forAgriculturaland Rural Development to establish KCC. Providing credit support to the farmers through banking system timely and adequately manner is the nonsubjective of thescheme. Advantages of thescheme include a full year credit requirement, simplified documentation, and availability of credit for 3 years.Sharma and E. Kumar (2008) reports regarding agriculture related concerns of different Bt cotton farmers those who are not eligible for any benefit under Indias Finance rector P. Chidambarams Rs. 60,000-crore farm loan waiverscheme. The farmer name Gurram Adi Reddy, hold a bring in that the real issues behind there non elegibility for any benefit under hover scheme is lack of adequate water ability, the timely availability of inputs and fair, lucrative and consistent prices for the produce.Rajkumar P K et. al (2009) talks to the highest degree of onion and maize growers who have been under Market Inte rvention Scheme(MIS) in the state of Karnataka by selecting two districts of the state. Dharwad and Gadag. Due to several problems such as adjectival complexities the scheme has been delayed payments and the requirement of meeting Fair Average character reference (FAQ) stipulations for the crops. It has also been found that if the procourement centres as farther it is more likely that farmer to go in the open market sale. The study suggest that simplification of procedure making timely payment and increasing the number of procural centres to cover larger number of farmer under Market Intervenion Scheme This study talk about an important innovation in providing health care for the rural poor the Yeshasvini Health InsuranceSchemefor rural farmers and peasants in Karnataka. This is one of the worlds largest health insuranceschemefor the rural poor, theschemestarted in 2003. So it is designed in a such a manner that overcome several obstacles to providing health security for rural po pulations. In the the second year, the scheme covered about 2.2 million widely dispersed peasant farmers for surgical and out patient care for a low annual premium of approximately US$ 2. jibe Jana and Sebak Kumar(2011) in India more than 50% are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. inactive Indian economy are agrarian economy.60% of the rainfed areas without any source of irrigation.And mass of these areas are covered by marginal farmers and rural poor. Due to lack of irrigation facilities small and marginal farmers are are at risk. There is need for sustainable and innovative forms of irrigation. For eg innovative experiment is happa experiment which is viewed as compound Natural Resource Management( INRM) emphasizing both water and soil management.According K. N. Rao(2002) inIndia nearly 2/3rd of the population depends onagriculturefor their livelihood andagricultureis highly depend upon nature, crop insurance has to play the role of a vital institution. Crop insura nce alone cannot increase productivity or by providing finance both should increase same time .During the VIIth Five-year plan period, the Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme was introduce. Though the scheme has shortcomings, farmers received nearly 6 times the premium as claims, but only 5% of the total farming community were covered under this scheme. The National Agricultural InsuranceScheme(NAIS), which replaced CCIS w.e.f. 1999 is an improved version. Just like in other parts of the world the crop insurance programs in India is supported and financed by governments.According Jennifer(2009) In1985 crop insurance scheme is started offering by the government of India with the Comprehensive Crop InsuranceScheme.In the recent years NationalAgricultureInsuranceScheme replaced by comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme. Though it is considered NAIS as an improvement over CCIS it is also flawed scheme just as the CCIS.It is found that Government crop insurance scheme have failed world(a) but India seems to have this reality.S.K. Mishra(2007) claims that rice, wheat, maize, millets and pulses are the major(ip) food crops of India where as major cash crops include Oilseeds, sugarcane, cotton, jute mesta, and potatoes. Minor cash crops include Tobacco, chillies, ginger, onion, turmeric, tapioca, sweat potatoes, etc. Plantationcrops includetea, coffee and rubber. 3/4th of the gross area under cultivation is cereals and pulses. This clearly shows that there is increaseinthe percentage area under thecashcropsis discernible. Less than 1% area is under Plantation crops. Among the foodcrops, wheat has highest growth rate followed by maize, rice and pulses. Millets having negative growth rate area.J K Sachdeva(2005) talks about cash crop like tea, coffee, spices, oilseeds, cotton and cashew . They are traditional export items, and India exports 50% cash crops of its total agricultural produce. These items are ready for consumption after(prenominal) some value addition. In industries these items are used as raw material in food. The commodities can be ranked highinhierarchy of demands after food items like wheat and rice. The consumer economic precondition plays a significant roleintheir demand. The paper analyses the exports of tea, coffee, spices, cotton, oilseeds and cashew byIndia, the growth in the exports after the coming of economic restores, calculates the changes in export and discusses the relationship between exports, imports and production.According to Richa Kumar(2014) that farmers have limited information and many middlemen create problem in getting higher price for their produce . She gives the example of soybean farmersinMalwa, centralIndia, which is acashcropthat connects farmers to worldwide consumers, this article argues that the very expectation of disintermediationinthe soybean supply chain is misleading.Indias positioninthese worldwide networks puts farmers and intermediariesinMalwainthe position of price receivers they are u nable to influence the global price of soybean or manipulate its local priceinany way.Inthis context, providing price information has trifling impact on the final price obtained by farmers. To bring about potential changes there is a need to find out the waysinwhich power is exercised by various actorsinthe marketplaceAccording Gulati, et . al (2002)Riceis the major food crop of almost 70% of the worlds poor who are stayinginAsia, where more than 90% of worldriceproduction and consumption takes place.Ricetrade liberalization therefore has tremendous implications for poverty. The worldricemarket of the world has been imbalanced partly due to intervention. Poor countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, andIndia not protecting rice sectors, the rich countries of East Asia (Japan and Korea), Europe, and the United States heavily support theirriceproducers. This leads to great diversityindomesticriceprice levels, with very high pricesinthe latter countries and very low pricesinthe former. Tr ade liberalization would thus resultsinflows from these poorer Asian countries to East Asia and Europe. This will be positive effect on poverty, where price of producer will increase. It will also bring about second-round effects (wages, employment, and investment)inexporting countries.Parshuram Samal Rabinarayan Patra(2012) focuses on production lossesinricedue to natural calamities like drought, flood and cycloneinOdisha during period of(1965-66 to 2008-09) by using secondary data. It also tells the head strategies adopted byfarmerson the priming of primary data collected from 100 affected samplefarmers. The result show heavy losses in riceproduction in calamity years. To earn redundant income and smoothen consumption spending in the calamity years coping strategies used by farmers were Migration and shifting to wage workinthe construction sector. Given the impossibility of preventing the occurrence of natural calamities, it is possible to argue that a greater allocation of fu nds forriceresearch for developingricevarieties is useful to tackle various calamity situations and generationSathishka k and P. A.Rego(2013) studied about Agriculture in Dakshina Kannada. This paper studies the major trends of agriculture sector in Dakshina Kannada District and also examines the crop diversification in Dakshina Kannada District. Dakshina Kannada is primary an agriculture district of karnataka state. More or less 60% of population of district depends on agriculture for their livelihood. Dakshina Kannada has replaced food grains with non food grains crops like rubber, areca nuts, cashew nuts. The writer concludes by saying that urban migration of agricultural labor and urbanization led to the diversification.According D. N. Patil (2010) It is now understood that the changes in the institutional credit is important factor to bring about development in the farm sector. This is particularly true in areas which could not participate in the process of development. There i s an urgent need to increase the institutional credit in the agriculral credit. Therefore to reduce the regional imbalance, new bank branches should be open in rural areas.Narwade S. S. et.al (2009) studied about agricultural exploit in the state of Orrisa during the pre and post reform period . in the pre reform period there was decline in both area and yield growth rates. The analysis reveals that in Orissa an yield per hectare of food grain crops have received severe setback during post reform period over the pre reform period. Output of the food grain crops and instability has also significantly increased during post reform.S. A. Sujatha (2010) studied the problems faced by farmers in the alert farming system. That all the categories of farmers facing scarcity of family labor due to involvements in non farm activities and fragmentation of land. Large number of farmers are dependent on rainfall, they are also faced with problems like lack of transportation and marketing facili ties.