How does Faustus use the magical gifts that he receives? Essay

Faustus is an extremely ambitious and clever man. This is seen to the extent that he sells his soul to fulfil his ambitions. He uses magic in order to strengthen his power and knowledge and thus this makes him dangerous. He is hubristic and aims to posses knowledge that no other mortal should have. In doing so he becomes synonymous to God. Faustus states â€Å"O what a world of profit and delight/Of power, of honour, of omnipotence/Is promis’d to the studious artisan! † This is what he intends to do with the magical gifts he receives but it soon becomes clear that ultimately everything Faustus does is for his own selfish needs. By comparing himself to a ‘studious artisan’ he hopes to gain the recognition of a scholarly work however, he fails to understand that scholars study for personal enlightenment and not material gain. Therefore ultimately Faustus achieves nothing with his magical gifts throughout the whole play. He gains no wealth, no recognition and no delight from his magic. Instead he condemns himself to death and illustrates that no man can ever be God as all men are fallible. Faustus’s attempts to use his magical gifts are futile and thus he gains nothing and is forever in debt to Mephostophilis. The pursuit of knowledge is directly linked with obtaining power. Faustus intends to acquire a greater intellect so that he can control everything. This is demonstrated by Faustus in Act one Scene one; â€Å"All things that move between the quiet poles/Shall be at my command. † Faustus exemplifies his desire to be the master of all. His reference to the quiet poles means that Faustus wants to rule the entire world, from North to South. The audience are reminded that Faustus is just a man; â€Å"Yet art thou still but Faustus, and a man,† however, he forgets his place in society. Faustus wants to use his magical gifts in order â€Å"to make men to live eternally/Or being dead raise them to life again. † The magical gifts allow Faustus to take on the role of God and this hubristic nature and desire for power is his downfall. Significantly, everything Faustus says is only what he intends to do with the magical gifts. He never does use the magical gifts to commit such acts and rather uses them for trivial acts such as comedy. This is illustrated in Act four Scene six when the Horse-Courser recounts his encounter with Faustus Dick and Robin. It is clear that Faustus has done nothing with the power that his magical gifts provide him with. Faustus also wants to use his magical gifts for his own pleasure and selfish needs. He aims to accomplish this by sending spirits to â€Å"search all corners of the new-found world/For pleasant fruits and princely delicates. † This pleasure could result in pride for Faustus which is what he claims that he wants at the beginning of the play. More importantly he considers himself worthy of these ‘princely delicates’ and thus forgets his place in society. The pleasure of these new found objects shows the material gain from his magic rather than personal enlightenment. Thus this demonstrates that Faustus uses his magical gifts not as a scholar but as a sorcerer for his own pleasure and happiness. In addition, Faustus wishes to be pleasured sexually exploring the woman for new treasures. This is evident in Faustus’s conversation with Valdes in Act one Scene one. However, once again Faustus wishes are not fulfilled and his dreams are only lived in words. It is once again apparent that Faustus does not use his magical gifts at all. The magical gifts allow Faustus direct power in order to conquer the world; â€Å"And reign sole king of all our provinces. † He is obsessed with the idea of reigning supreme and become omnipotent just like God. Faustus has no intention to use his magical gifts for good omitting to mention any wish of helping the poor and poverty stricken people in Germany. His only aim is to become a ‘mighty God. ‘ This ultimate power means that there is a clear distinction between Faustus and the rest of the characters in the play; a divide between mortal and god. Thus Faustus’s power enables him to obtain considerable fame for his astonishing magic. He wishes to â€Å"be eterniz’d for some wondrous cure† demonstrating his desire to be remembered forever. His magical gifts do not allow Faustus to become immortal and it is only in literature that he becomes immortalised. One final aspect that Faustus wishes to achieve with the magical gifts is wealth. He could be a physician and â€Å"heap up gold,† or â€Å"ransack the ocean for orient pearl. † Wealth is another way in which Faustus could gain power. Faustus’s obsession with wealth also illustrates his materialistic attitude. Knowledge in Faustus’s eyes is only another form of wealth like money. He takes no pleasure in making himself a better person. Once again by the end of the play Faustus has not achieved wealth and this is another example of how he has in fact not used his magical gifts. Throughout the play it is evident that Faustus wishes to use the magical gifts to gain power, knowledge, wealth and immortality. He aims to be a creature that is omnipresent, omniscient and omnipotent and thus his desire is to be god. He becomes obsessed with using his magical gifts to achieve this and continually speaks about all his ideas. However, his dreams never become a reality as he never attempts to actually pursue his desires and use the magical gifts. Instead Faustus uses his magical gifts merely as a comedic tool therefore demonstrating the weakness of his character.

Pelican Stores Chapter 2 Case Study Statistics

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Response to Nelson Mandelas Freedom Speech Essay

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The Abuses Faced by Children in the United Kingdom - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the story of Victoria Climbie may simply be seen as the story of two cruel adults, one innocent child, and a breach of trust of savage, unimaginable proportions. Entrusted by her parents in the Ivory Coast to her great aunt Marie Therese Kouao so that she could be given a better life in the United Kingdom, little Victoria instead found herself in the hands of sadists --- Kouao and her boyfriend Carl Manning. When she died on 25 February 2000, she had 128 separate injuries on her body, cigarette burns, scars where she had been hit by a bike chain and hammer blows to her toes. The investigation also disclosed that she was forced to sleep in the bin liner in the bath. And yet, it is also the story of institutions that have failed our children, a bureaucracy that has neglected the most vulnerable members of our society, and individual officials whose individual omissions have resulted in collective negligence. In the hearings subsequent to the death of Victoria Climbie, it was discovered that she was seen by dozens of social workers, medical practitioners, and police officers but all of them failed to either detect signs of abuse or failed to act on them until it was too late. The inquiry revealed that there were as many as 12 opportunities were the authorities could have intervened but failed to. For example, when Dr. Mary Schwartz, a pediatrician, looked at Climbie’s cuts wounds, she dismissed it as scabies and sent her back home to her abusers. Police officer Karen Jones refused to inspect the home of the Kouao and Manning, where Climbie lived, because she was afraid she would catch scabies from the furniture. Bickering and backstabbing the child protection service in the Haringey area had also contributed to the failure to provide immediate and adequate response to the abuse. Despite a major tell-tale sign, i.e., Victoria was not enrolled in school, which is one of the indicators that an abuse could be taking place, social workers took the word of Manning and Kouao at face value and did not probe any further. Though Victoria’s abusers were eventually sent to jail and sentenced to life imprisonment, the hard questions still remain. How could this kind of abuse – so horrible and grotesque – to a child of tender years have gone undetected? Is the system so decrepit, so shot full of holes that despite many warning signs and many opportunities to save Victoria’s life, she still ended up battered and dead, with 128 injuries on her frail body? And perhaps the most troubling question of all: could this happen again? Dare we allow this to happen again? In response to the widespread shock and indignation resulting from the completely avoidable death of the eight-year-old child, an inquiry was conducted, headed by Lord Laming, who called the Victoria Climbie affair â€Å"the worse case of neglect (he) has ever heard of.† Notably, Laming found that the legislative framework was intrinsically sound,, the problem was mainly one of implementation. Health secretary Alan Milburn said, â€Å""Victoria's death was a tragedy. It is vital that all agencies dealing with children learn the lesson from this terrible case.† The Laming report came up with several recommendations, including the following (Batty, 2003):  · The creation of a children and families board chaired by a senior government minister to coordinate policies and initiatives that have a bearing on the wellbeing of children and families.  · A national agency for children and families, led by a children’s commissioner, should be established to ensure local services meet national standards for child protection and implement reforms.  · Committees for children and families should be established by councils, with members drawn from social services, education, housing, the NHS and the police.  · New local management boards – chaired by council chief executives with members from the police, health, social services,

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Strategic HRM Plan Essay Example for Free

Strategic HRM Plan Essay â€Å"Starbucks is the premier roaster and retailer of specialty coffee in the world and has become a truly global brand† (Starbucks Coffee Company, 2011, p. 3). The strategic Human Recourses Management (HRM) plan will cover cultural HR issues, emerging HR issues, and a chart showing a five-year plan. Cultural training, cafà © culture, and culture of service are the three cultural HR issues that will be covered. Cultural training will cover the need for training with diversity for different markets. Cafà © culture is about the â€Å"values and respect diversity and inclusion† of Starbucks. This area is an issue in other countries while in the United States is doing well. The issue of culture of service deals with providing service to customers, but also to employees by way means of benefits. The emerging HR issues that will be covered are employee tuition assistance, evening sales to include alcohol, and customer complaints. Recently Starbucks has provided a new tuition assistance program; this program will be reviewed because of the age of the program it falls under emerging HR issues. The issue with Starbucks going to evening sales to include alcohol requires special licensing and age requirements for employees selling. The final emerging issue is with customer complaints; HR should find a way to review and take action against complaints. The chart will provide a description of the values, mission, and vision of the company and what they mean for the next five years. The table will also tie into how the emerging issues should be handled in the five years. Addressing the cultural and emerging issues will help Starbucks advance as a company and produce outstanding employees that will exceed the expectations of the company. â€Å"Standards will help ensure that our values continue to be reflected in each Starbucks store and business activity. A commitment to integrity, acting honestly and ethically, and complying with the letter and intent of the law are critical to our continued success† (Starbucks Coffee Company, 2011, p. 3). Strategic HRM Plan Cultural Issues Starbucks continues to grow and expand globally. As the company is doing so, it also sees some cultural human resource (HR) issues arise. These cultural HR issues include cultural training, cafà © culture, and culture of service. It is natural for a company to see and experience such issues when expanding into different regions. The human resources department will examine how these issues and cultural considerations affect the division and the strategic plans. As Starbucks grows and expands into new regions, the company is learning that to be successful in other culture they must provide cultural training. This cultural training is part of the company’s strategic plans. As part of the training and development program there is a cultural training for the store front employees, management, upper management, HR, and global communities. This training teaches the employees on how to interact with different cultures. It also teaches the employees of appropriate ways to interact wit h each other so that there is no discrimination. â€Å"To help make our goals become reality, we have integrated diversity and inclusion into the core of our leadership competencies. The goals of the Diversity and Inclusion team include building a diverse workforce, increasing cultural competencies, shaping a culture of inclusion and developing a diverse network of suppliers† (Starbucks, 2014). This consideration affects the company and their strategic plans because it is a continual topic of conversation as the company grows, expands, and new laws come into practice. This conversation then needs to into training and development programs for employees, as well as adding new policy changes and procedures. Starbuck’s employee cultural training also leads into their cafà © cultural training. The Cafà © culture in the United States is spot on. However, the cafà © culture in other countries is not doing so well and has led to the downturn in business. â€Å"I never go into Starbucks; it’s impersonal, the coffee is mediocre, and it’s expensive,’ Ms. Bayod, a 35-year-old masseuse, said as a waiter greeted her by name and quickly bro ught her usual espresso. ‘For us, it’s like another planet.’ Nearly a decade after venturing into Europe, Starbucks is still laboring to lure people like her. Despite engineering a strong turnaround in the United States and growing steadily in Asia, where Starbucks is still a novelty, the  company has struggled here on the Continent that gave birth to cafe and coffeehouse culture† (Alderman, 2012). Due to this issue Starbucks is now embarking on spending over a million dollars to make-over the European locations to be more up-scale and to win over the European coffee drinkers. The organization has also adjusted the blends and beverages to suit the European palate. This has forced Starbucks to realign strategically the European market to meet customer’s wants and needs. Starbucks has continued to realign the culture of its brand image in this region and continues to add new ideas, training, and beverages for the employees in this region. To maintain its high level of customer service Starbucks has started a culture of service initiative for its employees. The organization is committed to providing â€Å"legendary service† to their customers. To do so the company has gone the route of the employee-centered approach. The employee-centered approach includes providing health benefits, tuition benefits, and stock options to even their part-time employees. The guiding principle behind this move is to motivate their employees. The company feels that by motivating their employees they are creating happy, loyal, motivated employees who in turn will be the driving force to their â€Å"legendary service.† Emerging issues Emerging issues provide areas for improvement for Starbucks. Tuition assistance, selling alcohol, and customer complaints are three current emerging issues Starbucks faces. These issues will be discussed based on the issue and how it can be improved. There are around 54 percent of all companies who offer some form of educational reimbursement to their employees (Kurtgleben, 2014). Starbucks announced they would offer partial tuition of about $6,500 for their employees for the first two years of full-time online students at Arizona State University (ASU) Online. Starbucks College Achievement Plan (SCAP) will replace an older plan that was not as generous but was more flexible (Pyke, 2014). The new plan states that any Starbucks employee that works 20 hours a week or more will be able to have their tuition reimbursed beyond what federal financial aid and ASU covers for juniors and seniors (Pyke, 2014). Some critics of the SCAP say that it may not be a real improvement for the 20,000 wo rkers that the school plans to enroll. The old system required that the students take courses that were beneficial towards their jobs at Starbucks. The new system lets the  employees take any of the degrees, of which there are 40, and it does not have to relate to their jobs at Starbucks. The old system only paid $500-$1,000 per calendar year and that depended on the employees’ tenure. The employees could enroll in any accredited college, not just ACU under the old system. The employees could also attend in-person classes which some critics say are important for low-income workers to succeed in their education, (Pyke, 2014). According to Pyke, Starbuck’s plan compares unfavorably with other tuition assistance plans American companies offer. Sara Goldrich-Rab, professor of educational policy studies and sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, found Starbucks new system ‘incredibly problematic’ because they limit its tuition assistance to one university online (Pyke, 2014). The emerging issues for Human Resource on this tuition system would be, is it good that Starbucks only lets the employees enroll in only online degrees with only ACU? Will the new system work well with the low-income employees only being able to take the online degrees instead of in-person classes? Starbucks should go through with their plans of having other universities available for their employees to enroll in and offer in-person classes as well as online classes. Starbucks has expanded its sells to Starbucks evening. Starbucks has been testing the sale of alcohol in their stores after four PM, with a menu that includes light snacks. The benefits to Starbucks are an increase in sales when coffee sales are slow, (Dooley, 2014). However, with these sales come the issues of licensing requirements that are different in every state, possible customer resistance because it is not a family-friendly product, new staff training requirements, and the last, product contagion. There are some people that think that products can transfer their characteristics to each other if they are placed side by side, (Dooley, 2014). So in their way of thinking if Starbucks sells alcohol and it sits next to a non-alcohol product it will be tainted with alcohol. To help keep the contagion issue down Starbucks can separate the alcohol from the non-alcohol products and put the alcohol products into their own coolers, in different parts of the room. There is a page on the Consumer Affairs website where people can go to complain about companies and so forth. There are numerous complaints about Starbucks employees. According to Consumer Affairs Starbucks does not monitor their website so that the issues can be resolved. Human Resources should monitor  these complaints and try to resolve them in some way. In the future if nothing is done someone will bring suit and it might be costly for Starbucks. Human Resource Management should make sure that these employees treat customer s the way they should be treated by retraining and if the bad treatment continues disciplinary actions should be taken. Five year plan chart Starbucks has become well-known ever since the company’s establishment in 1971. Because of Starbucks’ many years of success, the company has now grown throughout the world. For the next five years, Starbucks will develop a strategic plan from the completion of the HRM analysis. Reward programs, training, and job design are the HRM involvements that will assist Starbucks to overcome the issues found from the analysis in order to meet the strategic objectives. The first year of the strategic plan will include the placement of processes along with forming two committees. One committee will take care of the three cultural HR issues the other committee will handle the three emerging HR issues. Years two through five will include continuous monitoring and fact finding through internal and external surveying. Each committee will observe these surveys to where adjustment can be made in a timely matter. The recommendation will be that each committee will meet weekly in the first year of the plan, which could later change to monthly and then quarterly. During this time, any modifications within the process will take place based on the information gathering. The chart below offers the five-year strategic plan, which the company believes needs to be taken in consideration in order to obtain internal and external growth, employee fulfillment, and in meeting up to customer expectations. Starbucks Coffee 2014 – 2019 Strategic Plan Values â€Å"Starbucks reputation for the finest coffee in the world, legendary customer service and the highest integrity is the direct result of our collective efforts† (Starbucks Coffee Company, 2011, p. 3). Mission â€Å"To inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time† (Starbucks Coffee Company, 2011, p. 3). Vision Continue in being â€Å"the premier roaster and retailer of specialty coffee† (Starbucks Coffee Company, 2011, p. 4). Cultural/ Emerging Issues Internal/ External Analysis Review Findings Strategic Formulation Strategy Implementation Review and Adjust Cultural Training Cafà © Culture Culture of Service Education Reimbursement Sale of Alcohol Employee Complains Two separate committees will divide into teams. A SWOT analysis will be conducted based on customers, competitors, and industry analysis. The external analysis will examine Starbucks opportunities and threats. The internal will look at the strengths and weaknesses. The two committees, department heads, and stakeholders are involved within a group. Reviewing cultural and emerging issues. Reviewing and adjusting the internal and external findings from the SWOT analysis to then create a strategic formulation. The two teams will define strategies from the findings from the SWOT. Starbucks can create a plan for all issues at all levels within the company creating an outline of what should be done. A description of the steps or processes per issue will provide in accomplishing each objective. Over-all communication and monitoring are important in achieving goals. A timeline will offer when the action plan is to be accomplished. Necessary changes will be made swiftly for the company, employees, and customers. The team will ensure that continuous monitoring within the agreed strategic objectives and aim to start on a monthly basis. Ensuring consistency with Starbucks values, mission, and vision. References Alderman, Liz, 2012, In Europe Starbucks Adjusts Cafà © Culture, Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/31/business/starbucks-tailors-its-experience-to-fit-to-european-tastes.html?pagewanted=all_r=0 Consumer Affairs. Retrieved from: www.consumeraffairs.com/food/starbucks.html Dooley, Roger, 2014. Will Starbucks Alcohol ‘Infect’ Other Products. Retrieved from: www.forbes.com/sites/rogerdooley/2014/04/09/starbucks-alcohol/ http://www.cerdian.com/resources/blogs/human-resources-legislation-blog/starbucks-cap-reinventing-education-assistance.html Pyke, Alan, 2014. Thinkprogress. Critics warn Starbucks Employees To Read Fine Print of New

Marketing Essays Satisfy Consumer Needs

Marketing Essays Satisfy Consumer Needs Satisfy Consumer Needs Introduction When marketing managers are asked if a particular tactic will produce the desired results, their answer has normally been closer to the lines of: it all depends on the product or service, the target demographic, the message and, particularly, how the target customers want to be approached (Beinhocker and Kaplan 2002). All these elements form a part of the marketing mix. Traditionally, marketers use the marketing mix, the 4Ps of product, price, place and promotion, to position the brand and to create brand values around a coherent set of policies for each of these P’s. Marketing mix has been used as a framework which acts as a guideline for marketers to implement a marketing concept. It consists of a set of major decision areas that a company needs to manage in order to at least satisfy consumer needs. This study will relate the concept of marketing mix with the fast changing mobile technology product market. The mobile phone market are no more company driven, rather it is cons umer driven. The business environment in which it operates is highly competitive with intense rivalry not only from direct competitors but also from the regulators and the environment. Analyzing the elements of the Marketing mix   ‘Price’ in the ‘marketing mix’ is the amount of money charged for a product or service, or the sum of the values that consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service (Beckwith, 2001). This is the only element on the marketing mix that produces revenue while the other three creates costs. By, ‘product’, marketers refer to anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need (Sudhir, et al., 2005). This includes physical objects, services, persons, places, organizations and ideas. ‘Promotion’ refers to activities that communicate the product or service and its merits to target customers and persuade them to buy (Kotler Keller, 2006). It is concerned about delivering the sales message and traditionally has consisted of Advertising, direct marketing, sales promotion, public relation, publicity and personal selling. ‘Place’, a s the name suggests, refers to the geographic locations which has become increasingly significant in the wake of globalization. Every industry has to consider the culture and business practices of the place it is trying to do business with and the entry mode it wants to adapt before entering a different place/country/region. The ‘people’ (recently added to the marketing mix) aspect of marketing mix signifies the level of customer service, advice, sales support and aftermarket back-up required, involving recruitment policies, training, retention and motivation of key personnel. Marketing is professional practice it involves people. Traditional marketing mix was about dictating the market through price, product, place, and promotion manipulation. Marketing managers have traditionally used it to make better use of the tools and resources available to them in supplying products and services to customers and prospects. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers Analysis and Discussion A consumer’s utility for a model of mobile phone is a function of the attributes and the price of that model, with the consumer choosing the brand-model that maximizes utility (Sriram, 2005; pg 440). Product plays a big role for global mobile phone companies like Nokia which not only have to keep continuously innovating with their products but also need to change its product according to the ethical and cultural aspects of the local market. It might be argued that even though ‘product’ is an important part of the digital industry, it’s the ‘innovation’ aspect associated with the products that give firms distinctive advantage over its rivals. Eg Sony Ericsson (the Japanese / Swedish firm) has integrated its successful ‘cybershot’ camera within its mobile phones to add value to its offering. Sony has also added its much known Walkman (Sony was the inventor of Walkman) feature to its mobile phone to give customers the best of three wo rlds (mobile, camera and walkman) in one device. Some might argue that this sort of strategy falls under the ‘product’ category of the marketing mix but, its less associated with the product design and specifications and more with the value and innovativeness. The price element of the marketing mix has traditionally relied on selecting the price objective by determining demand. Companies have estimated their price by comparing them to their competitors and basing it on a particular pricing method (Petrin, 2005). While the mobile phone industry still considers all these factors in setting its price, competitive pricing has given way to ‘value for money’ pricing. This means that low price as compared to competitors no longer means success in the mobile world. Pricing strategy in the mobile phone industry is more aligned to the company’s value proposition. Eg. Apple charges premium for its handset (iPhone) which is one of the costliest handset in the market, till its handset has achieved higher than expected sales. This is because its price is based not on competitor price but on its value proposition of innovativeness in terms of design and features. Similarly, Nokia N95 (market retail price c £500) is one of the most s uccessful Nokia offerings because it was the first phone to integrate a 5 mega pixel camera with a mobile. Customers are not ‘price sensitive’ any more; they are ‘value sensitive’. They see the value they are getting in terms of price that they pay for the offering.    While pricing strategy still needs to fit in with the overall mission of organisation, and reflect its financial objectives, it has to be more ‘value based’. Mobile products justify the fact that even though the four Ps are relevant in the current business environment, they probably need to be upgraded to include elements such as ‘innovation’ to reflect the present technology market realities. The promotion element of the marketing mix has undergone a huge change within the last few years. According to the Mobile Marketing Association, by 2008, 89 percent of brands will use text and multimedia messaging to reach their audiences, with nearly one-third planning to spend more than 10 percent of their marketing budgets on advertising in the medium (Graham, 2008). The newer element of marketing mix, ‘people’ is used to define modern mobile consumers and classifies consumers into a single entity. Researchers argue that ‘people’ cannot be classified as a single entity as requirement for product and services may vary. Also, increasing consumer power and sophistication due to wide availability of information has given rise to personalized marketing which requires interaction and sincere, direct dialog with the customer (Beinhocker, 2002). There is an increasingly need for marketers in the mobile market to identify the constantly changing and evolving customer needs, respond quickly to competitive movements and predict market trends early and accurately. Find out how our expert essay writers can help you with your work Eg. Motorola pioneered the mobile revolution and was the first mobile phone brand to enter the market. But, it has moved from pioneer to a low third (in terms of market share) and currently under threat to lose market share to Sony Ericsson because of its innovative handsets. Eg. Major Motorola competitors like Nokia, Samsung, Sony Ericsson have come out with 5 Mega pixel camera mobiles but Motorola is still to catch up with them in terms of product design and value addition. Some may argue that this falls under ‘product’ part of the marketing mix but it is actually innovation that drives competition. Mobile was an innovative device and the market has always relied on innovation, which can be in terms of product or service. With organizations already providing internet access over mobile phones, the new trend is to add the capability to view television programs on the mobile. Rather than the 4P’s, performance in the mobile industry is driven more by changes tied t o intrinsic preferences which can be because of the changing portfolio of models in the product line and/or modifications in the attributes and prices of the models in the product line. While the 4P’s theory is still relevant in terms of marketing theory and practice, it oversimplifies the reality of marketing management in terms of mobile phone market (Brassington Pettitt, 2003). It is more organization-centric and says about the interactions between the mix variables. Also, recent development in technology has led to the concept of Customer Relation Management which encourage relationship building with the customer. The 4P’s of marketing rely on more transactional variables. The mobile phone product is one such product where staying close to the customers is extremely important. Companies not only need to know who their customers are but also what they value, in terms of add-on services. Comaines need to understand the need for product extensions by maintaing a direct contact with their customers, the highly visible nature of the service process, and the simultaneity of the production and consumption (Coviello Brodie, 2001). The extension allows a more thorough analysis of the marketing ingredients necessary for successful marketing (Akcura et al., 2004). Also, depending on the product line, different elements of marketing mix may have varying importance attached to them. Eg. Previous financial researchers done by (Driussi, 2007; pg 57) have revealed that in some cases a 1 % change in price can deliver a 10% plus improvement in profit. This might mean that businesses deal with pricing with much more rigor that their product design, channel management or promotions planning.   Despite the background and status of the Marketing mix as a major theoretical and practical parameter of contemporary marketing, several academics have at times expressed doubts and objections as to the value and the future of the Mix, proposing alternatives that range from minor modifications to total rejection (Brassington Pettitt, 2003). The common issues where researchers feel they marketing mix has its limitations are, its inadequacy to address specific marketing situations like the marketing of services, the management of relationships or the marketing of industrial products. Due to these factors, researchers believe that the marketing mix theory has to be broadened to suit the current market conditions. Consumer behavior in the mobile phone industry has also evolved with a rise in the over the mass consumer markets towards increasingly global, segmented, customized or even personalized markets of today (Kotler Keller 2006) where innovation, customization, relationships build ing and networking have become issues of vital significance. The new marketing principles imply that marketing activities should be based on identification of customer needs and wants, typical external and therefore uncontrollable factors (Naik et al., 2005). Researchers believe that by expanding the theoretical scope of the marketing theory, it will be easier to reflect on urge to better understand the managerial consequences of transformations taking place and identify sources of superior firm performance in constantly evolving competitive environments (Constantinides, 2001). Draganska (2006) believes that the growing pressure on marketers to better identify and satisfy constantly changing customer and industry needs, the increasing importance of services and the need to build-up long-lasting relationships with the client, have further contributed to the exposure of several limitations of the 4P framework as a marketing management tool.   Conclusions   The changing marketplace dynamics of mobile phone industry has meant that marketing mix as a differentiation strategy needs massive upgrading. The rise of competition, globalization, increasing use of technology in marketing practices has changed the traditional way to marketing to people. There are no certainties and no guarantees of success within the mobile phone industry even if companies get their 4P’s right. This is because, what works with one group of customers may not work with another, and some things which traditionally used to work may not work at all. In the continuously changing marketing environment, the marketing mix is still relevant but strategies based on them may not necessarily work. There are more variables and elements to the mix than the 4P’s, which depends of the industry type, market structure, competition and other related factors. Graham (2008; pg 40) while referring to the 4P’s states that rather than bouncing the four (price, promoti on, people and place) balls at one time, marketers need to juggle up to a dozen or more at the same time. It is worth mentioning that in the wake of changing consumer preferences, marketing managers still need to evaluate the effects of product attributes and marketing activities to improve performance in the marketplace. References Akcura, T. M., F. Gonul, E. Petrova. (2004) Consumer learning and brand valuation: An application on over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Marketing Science. 23(4) 156–169. Ailawadi, K.L., Lehmann, D.R. and Neslin, S.A. (2001), Market Response to a Major Policy Change in the Marketing Mix: Learning from Procter Gambles Value Pricing Strategy. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 65 Issue 1, p44. Beckwith, H. (2001), The Invisible Touch the Four Keys of Modern Marketing, Texere Publishing. Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. (2003), Principles of Marketing, Third Edition, Prentice Hall / Financial Times. Beinhocker, E.D. and Kaplan, S. (2002), Tired of Strategic Planning? The McKinsey Quarterly, nr 2. Constantinides, E. (2002), The 4S Web-Marketing Mix Model, E-Commerce Research and Applications, Elsevier Science, July 2002, Vol. 1/1, pp 57-76. 434 Coviello, N.E. and Brodie, R.J. (2001), Contemporary marketing practices of consumer and business-to-business firms: how different are they?. The Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, Vol. 16, Nr. 5 pp. 382 400. Draganska, M., (2006) Consumer preferences and product line pricing strategies: An empirical analysis. Marketing Science. 25(2) 164–174. Driussi, A (2007), Pricing: the lost component of the marketing mix?, BT Weekly, 5/11/2007 Professional Marketing Su, Vol. 57, p6-7 The New Marketing Mix: Where Will You Meet Your Customers? 1/7/2008, Vol. 233 Issue 2, p40-41 Kotler Keller (2006), Marketing Management (12th edn.), London, Perason Education Naik, P., K. Raman, R. Winer (2005) Planning marketing-mix strategies in the presence of interaction effects. Marketing Sci. 24(1) 25–34. Petrin, A. (2005) Omitted product attributes in differentiated product models. Working paper, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Sudhir, K., P. K. Chintagunta, V. Kadiyali. 2005. Time-varying competition. Marketing Sci. 24(1) 96–109. Sriram et al.: Effects of Brand Preference, Product Attributes, and Marketing Mix Variables Marketing Science 25(5), pp. 440–456

The Stigma of Mental Illness in Developing Countries

The Stigma of Mental Illness in Developing Countries The Stigma of Mental Illness in Developing Countries Seeking treatment for mental illness can be a daunting task. Even in the United States, where medical care is relatively easy to obtain, there is a stigma surrounding mental illness. In my own experience of living in a small, close-knit community, I found it nearly terrifying to talk to my primary care physician about the anxiety and depression I was experiencing. In my town, parking my car at the counseling center was like admitting that I couldnt take care of myself. The common perception in the community was that people need to suck it up and not rely on doctors or therapists to get through life. With this clear and prevalent stigma against mental illness and treatment, it took me years to finally get the help that I needed. This issue of stigma was still on my mind when I started looking for a topic for this research project. I was curious about how non-Western and developing countries viewed the issue and what was being done to help lessen the stigma of mental illness worldwide. What is Stigma? In order to take a close look at mental health stigma in cultures around the world, we first need to understand exactly what is meant by stigma. The dictionary definition of stigma is a mark of disgrace or infamy; a stain or reproach, as on ones reputation (Dictionary.com). This is a good place to start, but it does not accurately define the measurable aspects of stigma, which is necessary for researchers to be able to study it. Link et al. (2004) discuss several theoretical perspectives for stigmatization in general and the stigma of mental illness in particular. Most useful for the purposes of this paper is the framework laid out by Link and Phelen (2001) and discussed and elaborated upon by Link et al. (2004) that suggests several interrelated categories: labeling, stereotyping, separating, emotional reactions, status loss, and stigmas dependence on power structure. Labeling is a natural way that humans categorize differences, and many labels (shoe size, favorite foods) are not so cially salient. Other labels, such as sexual preference or nationality, are much more relevant. Both the selection of salient characteristics and the creation of labels for them are social achievements that need to be understood as essential components of stigma (Link et al. 2004). In the stereotyping component, the researchers suggest that the labeled differences are linked to negative assumptions about the labeled person or others with similar characteristics. The next aspect of the stigma process is separating, which is the us versus them mindset. Link et al. (2004) suggest that one place the initial conceptual framework about stigma is lacking is in the underrepresentation of emotional reactions: We believe that this underrepresentation needs to be corrected, because emotional responses are critical to understanding the behavior of both stigmatizers and people who are recipients of stigmatizing reactions. Status loss and discrimination can be overt, like refusing employment to s omeone with a mental illness, but it can also be much more insidious and pervasive. Link et al. (2004) gives the example that considerably less funding exists for schizophrenia research and facilities for schizophrenia treatment are often located in less desirable locations. The final aspect of the stigma framework is its dependence on power structures Link et al. (2004) state that this aspect is very important because without social, cultural, economic and political power the concept of stigma would be much less useful. Now that we understand at least one way in which stigma can be defined, we must next go about looking at the ways stigma is measured. Link et al.(2004) state that there is a considerable lack of study of mental illness stigma in the developing world they reviewed a large number of studied conducted worldwide, and found only a few in Asia and Africa, though the researchers did clarify that this might have been because their review was restricted to English language journals. This paper will focus on a few key studies, but it is certain that more study in this area is needed to get an in-depth look at differences between cultures and the relative stigma of mental illness. Some studies focus on the stigma of the general population towards those with mental illness, while others focus on the opinions of people who suffer from mental illness. One survey I found to be particularly interesting and useful is the World Mental Health Survey, in which subjects with mental health issues were asked about their perceived stigma (Alonso et al. 2008). For this survey, stigma was considered to be present if respondents reported both embarrassment and perceived discrimination related to illness. Among people with significant activity limitations (i.e., at least moderate difficulty with cognition, mobility, self-care, or social), the perceived stigma rate was highest in the Ukraine, with 32.1% of respondents reporting stigma. The lowest rate was 3.2% in Germany. The average rate of perceived stigma in developing countries was 22.1%, compared to 11.7% in developed countries (Alonso et al. 2008, Table 1). The researchers finding was that perceived stigma associated with mental disorders is universal, but considerably more frequent in developing countries; however, the implications of this finding were not discussed, though they suggest it may be of interest to investigate social, cultural and health service characteristics that differentiate countries in which patients feel less excluded from countries in which patients are more likely to report perceived stigma (Alonso et al. 2008:312). The researchers also found that perceived stigma is strongly associated with common mental disorders, particularly with comorbid mood and anxiety (Alonso et al. 2008:306). The implications of this survey are twofold: first, developing and developed countries have different ways of associating stigma with mental illness, although the reasons for this are not clear. Second, people with mental illness are much more likely to perceive stigma relating to illness than, for example, people with chronic physical ailments. Most interesting to me is the fact that the statis tics from Alonso et al.s (2004) study shows that developing countries have nearly double the rate of perceived stigma as developed countries. Studies of Stigma in Developing Countries Lauber and Rossler (2006) conducted a review of literature that summarizes results of research on the stigma of mental illness in developing Asian countries. They state that this research is very important because The stigma of mental illness and discrimination against mental patients are believed to be a significant obstacle to development of mental health care and to ensuring quality of life of those suffering from mental illness (Lauber and Rossler 2006: 158). They provide a clear discussion of how they defined developing and developed countries: A developing country is a country with a low-income average, a relatively undeveloped infrastructure and a poor human development index when compared to the global normDevelopment entails developing a modern infrastructure (both physical and institutional), and a move away from low value added sectors such as agriculture and natural resource extraction. Developed countries usually have economic systems based on continuous, self-sustaining economic growth (Lauber and Rossler 2006:160). This definition helps clarify some of the general differences between developing and developed countries. Lauber and Rosslers (2006) review of literature found that people in developing countries in Asia are generally afraid of those with mental illness. They also found that many studies reported respondents who felt that mental illness symptoms were a normal reaction to stress; this finding suggests that awareness of mental illness and the need for medical intervention is lacking in these cultures. However, the results of these studies are similar to the results in Western countries (Lauber and Rossler 2006). Another finding of this study was in regards to help-seeking behaviors: it is much more likely for those seeking help for mental illness to rely on family members instead of professional mental health services (Lauber and Rossler 2006). I found it interesting that the researchers suggest the differences in mental health care in developing Asian countries is due not only to a different cultural understanding of health and health care, but also the stigmatizing attitude of health car e professionals as well (Lauber and Rossler 2006). Gureje and Lasebikan (2005) studied the use of treatment services for mental illness in the Yoruba-speaking part of Nigeria through face-to-face interviews with nearly 5,000 adults. They found that fewer than 1 in 10 people with mental health disorders over the past 12 months had received any treatment whatsoever, compared with 25% in the United States (Gureje and Lasebikan 2005). They also found that respondents who did receive treatment were much more likely to be treated in the general medical sector rather than by a mental health specialist; these results are similar to those found in other developing countries as well as developed nations. Another significant finding was that people with mental illness were considerably less likely to use complimentary health providers than those with other non-mental disorders: This observation flies in the face of the common belief that traditional healers provide service for a high proportion of persons with mental disorders in developing Afr ican countries (Gureje and Lasebikan 2005:48). The authors suggest that many of the problems with mental health utilization in Nigeria result from its inadequate health service personnel and facilities, financial constraint, as well as poor knowledge of and negative attitude to mental illness (both of which are rampant in Nigeria) (Gureje and Lasebikan 2005:48). This suggests that in addition to the need for better health systems in developing countries, we also need to address the issue of stigma towards mental health treatment. Another study in 2005 attempted to look at the existing attitudes towards mental illness in the same Yoruba-speaking part of Nigeria. Gureje et al. (2005) studied over 2000 respondents and found widespread stigmatization of mental illness. The researchers found that respondents were often misinformed about the cause of mental illness with 80.8% stating that mental illness could be caused by drug or alcohol abuse, 30.2% claiming possession by evil spirits as a cause, followed by about equal responses of trauma, stress, and genetic inheritance (Gureje et al. 2005; Table 2). The researchers add that only about one-tenth of respondents believed that biological factors or brain disease could be the cause of mental illness, and 9% felt that Punishment from God was a possible cause (Gureje et al. 2005). In addition to the misunderstood causes of mental illness, the researchers found that many Nigerians have generally negative views towards people with mental illness: fewer than half of respondents believed that the mentally ill could be treated outside of hospitals, and only thought that mentally ill people could work at a regular job. The researchers found that these negative attitudes were equally spread across the socioeconomic spectrum (Gureje et al. 2005). The stigma associated with mental illness in Nigeria is evident in the responses that show most respondents were unwilling to have social interactions with someone with mental illness, including fear of having a conversation with or working with a mentally ill person (Gureje et al. 2005:437). 83% of respondents would be ashamed of people knowing that someone in their family was mentally ill, and only 3.4% responded that they could marry someone with a mental illness (Gureje et al. 2005: Table 4). These results support the fi ndings of the World Mental Health Survey that the stigma of mental illness is considerably higher in developing countries than in developed countries, but the research still does not show any distinct variables that could be identified in order to help reduce the associated stigma. Griffiths et al. (2006) performed a comparison of stigma in response to mental disorders between Australia and Japan, and found some interesting results. This was the only research I found that used similar methodologies to survey the public in two different cultures. Though both Japan and Australia are developed nations, the cross-cultural comparison is relevant to this study. Griffiths et al. (2006) found a significantly higher proportion of the Japanese respondents held stigmatizing attitudes and social distance towards mental illness. The authors give several possible reasons for this difference. First, conformity is more highly valued in Japan, so people who deviate from the norm because of mental illness would be more negatively impacted. Secondly, the treatment options in the two countries differ: in Japan, long-term institutionalization is common, while in Australia, community and rehabilitation services are emphasized. The implication is that even among developed countries, significant differences in the rates of stigma and the way it affects a society occur; therefore, any push to combat stigma needs to take into account these cultural differences. The authors suggest that this study may point to ways in which interventions programs for reducing stigma might be tailored for each country (Griffiths et al. 2006). Attempts to Reduce Stigma Associated With Mental Illness Many countries and cultures have made attempts to reduce the stigma associated with mental illness. Lauber and Rossler (2006) discuss the attempts in some Asian countries to rename schizophrenia in order to reduce the stigma associated with the disease; however, results show that a less pejorative label has little effect on the stigma associated with schizophrenia. Stein and Gureje (2004) suggest the approach of medicalization of suffering, or training healthcare providers to recognize the depression and anxiety that are often related to violence, chronic illness, and poverty in order for this to be successful, however, overcoming the stigma related to mental health issues is of primary importance. Lauber and Sartorius (2007) states that work towards reducing the stigma of mental illness is very important as a human rights issue: Societal or structural discrimination finds its expression in jurisdiction that restricts the civil rights of people with mental illness in, for example, v oting, parenting or serving jury duty, inequities in medical insurance coverage, discrimination in housing and employment, and the reliance on jails, prisons and homeless shelters as the way of disposing of people with mental illness (103). They discuss the importance of the normalization paradigm in which people with mental disorders are seen as similar to and not different from other people and medicalization, the idea that mental illness is a treatable medical condition rather than a personal defect, in the anti-stigma endeavors (Lauber and Sartorius 2007). Form (2000) suggests that one important aspect of reducing mental health stigma is to increase what he calls mental health literacy or knowledge about mental health disorders: he outlines several education programs that were widespread in the 80s and 90s in the United States the Depression Awareness, Recognition and Treatment Program and the National Depression Screening Day. These programs received widespread media attention, but their effects have not been studied. Form suggests that one good way to help improve mental health literacy is to target specific populations, such as high school students. However, Forms research says little about how these ideas would work in developing countries. In conclusion, a look at the research on stigma associated with mental illness shows significant differences in developing and developed countries, but the reasons for this are still unclear. I had hoped to conclude this research with a set of key differences between high-stigma and low-stigma cultures, but this information, if it exists, was not found. I believe that research on identifying causes for and reducing incidences of the stigma of mental illness is a very important topic in medical anthropology and one I believe will see continued advancement in research in the future. References Cited Alonso, J., A. Buron, R. Bruffaerts, Y. He, J. Posada-Villa, J-P. Lepine, M.C. Angermeyer, D. Levinson, G. de Girolamo, H. Tachimori, Z.N. Mneimneh, M.E. Medina-Mora, J. Ormel, K.M. Scott, O. Gureje, J.M. Haro, S. Gluzman, S. Lee, G. Vilagut, R.C. Kessler, M. Von Korff, the World Mental Health Consortium. 2008 Association of perceived stigma and mood and anxiety disorders: results from the world Mental Health Surveys. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 118:305-314. Griffiths, Kathleen M., Y Nakane, H. Christensen, K. Yoshioka, A. F. Jorm, and H. Nakane. 2006 Stigma in response to mental disorders: a comparison of Australia and Japan. BMC Psychiatry 2006, 6:21. Gureje, Oye, and V. Lasebikan 2005 Use of mental health services in a developing country: results from the Nigerian survey of mental health and well-being. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology 41:44-49. Gureje, Oye, V. Lasebikan, O. Ephraim-Oluwanuga, B. Olley, and L. Kola 2005 Community study of knowledge of and attitude to mental illness in Nigeria. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2005 186:436-441. Jorm, A. F. 2000 Mental Health Literacy: Public Knowledge and Beliefs About Mental Disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2000 177:396-401 Lauber, Christopher and N. Sartorius 2007 At Issue: Anti-stigma endeavors. International Review of Psychiatry. April 2007; 19(2):103-106. Lauber, Christopher and W. Rossler 2007 Stigma towards people with mental illness in developing countries in Asia. International Review of Psychiatry, April 2007; 19(2): 157-178. Link, Bruce, L. H. Yang, J. C. Phelan, and P.Y. Collins 2004 Measuring Mental Illness Stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin 30 (3):511-541 Stein, Dan J., O. Gureje. 2004 Depression and anxiety in the developing world: is it time to medicalise the suffering? The Lancet Vol. 364. stigma. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved December 1, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/stigma

William Staffords Traveling Through the Dark Essay -- Stafford Travel

Profound Meaning in William Stafford's Traveling Through the Dark The power of the poet is not only to convey an everyday scene into a literary portrait of words, but also to interweave this scene into an underlying theme. The only tool the poet has to wield is the word. Through a careful placement and selection of words, the poet can hopefully make his point clear, but not blatantly obvious. Common themes of poems are life, death, or the conflicting forces thereto. This theme could never possibly be overused because of the endless and limitless ways of portraying life or death through the use of different words. In William Stafford's "Traveling Through the Dark", there are conflicting themes between birth and death, man and nature, and ultimately creation and destruction. It would take several years for a fully grown doe to develop, but it would only take a few seconds for that doe to be killed. Using the tools of the poet, Stafford vividly illustrates a scene in which man has completely destroyed and felt no remorse for a product of nature. This disrespect would only lead the driver to travel through the moral darkness of insensitivity and desecration towards nature. There it lay. A dead doe in middle of the road. The previous driver obviously had not thought twice after hitting the deer and had no sincerity towards nature nor the decency to at least move the carcass off the narrow road. The deer lay in the road, unburied, uncared for, unmourned, and untended. Ironically, if the carcass had remained on the road, it might have meant the taking of the life of another driver as Stafford stated in line 4: "that road is narrow; to swerve might make more dead". The tone of this poem is one of sadness, but also blata... ...le impact of a car, lasting no longer than a few seconds. With few moral decisions made, the only road that lies as a result, is the road to death and ultimate degradation of society and nature both. In Stafford's poem, it was only the duty of the narrator to roll the carcass off the road and into the river, this duty fulfilled was only provoked by the lack of duty of another. Through the use of several poetic techniques, Stafford describes in a few words what would take somebody hundreds of words to describe. The brutal and harsh theme of his poem is supported by vivid images and symbols, which spotlight the situation at hand. By applying a common situation like an incidence of road-kill to all of human-kind's view towards nature, Stafford finished with a simple situation with a profound meaning. Work Cited Stafford, William. "Traveling through the Dark"

Essay --

In this study the Bayesian inference will in conditioned on data and not on the design for in exploring Bayesian approach in crops trials. Our main interest was to ascertain how Bayesian methods have been applied in the design and analysis of real data of estimation of a single crop variety trial in block designs, genetic gain, genotypic and phenotypic correlations, and genotypes by environment integration, stability analysis and breeding values. The methodology for the literature search Bayesian methods in crop trials. Yuen and Mila (2012) state that a Bayesian approach is useful in plant pathology. Bayesian inference, based on probability is a convenient way to deal with these sorts of problem. The main difficulty with likelihood methods are optimization problems such as multiple modes, solution of likelihood equations etc., whereas integration problem is more often associate with Bayesian approach that largely due to the advancement in Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, esp ecially Gibbs sampling techniques. WinBUGS (the Windows version of Bayesian inference Using Gibbs Samp...

Conflicting Cultures in Louise Erdrichs Captivity Essay example -- Lo

Kidnapping colonists during the struggle for land in the early centuries of American history was a strong force influencing the images of Native Americans circulating among the Puritan pioneers. During these centuries, the battles between the natives and the Puritans cost thousands of lives on both sides, and countless stories in the forms of captivity narratives revealed truths and myths about the Native people. Although there were countless pieces of literature and propaganda published in this time period, the actual Indian captivity narratives have been narrowed down to works â€Å"that presumably record with some degree of verisimilitude the experiences of non-Indians who were captures by American Indians† (Derounian-Stodoloa, Levernier, 9). Through such a narrative by Mary Rowlandson, who was taken captive by the Wampanoag tribe in 1676, the contemporary writer and poet Louise Erdrich shows another side of history that could not have been expressed by the surviving captiv es hundreds of years ago. That recreation is her poem, â€Å"Captivity,† which uses the inner conflict of the captive woman to express both historical feelings of Native Americans and their place among whites, along with Erdrich’s conflicts within her own life.# Coming from a mixed family, with her mother being part Native American, Erdrich experiences a pull from both her European history and Native American heritage. Through her poem, â€Å"Captivity,† Erdrich exposes the inner conflict that is felt by both historical women and herself, such as the conflicting feelings and cultural pulls of the two societies through sharing experiences of removal from their known worlds and returns to the white man’s society. In order to fully understand Erdrich’s interpretation... ...rk, 1993. Erdrich, Louise. â€Å"Captivity,† in Kelly, Joseph ed. The Seagull Reader: Poems. Norton and Company: New York, 2001. Fast, Robin Riley. â€Å"Resistant History: Revising the captivity Narrative in ‘Captivity’ and Blackrobe: Isaac Jones.† American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 23:1 (1999) 69-96. Logan, Lisa. â€Å"Mary Rowlandson’s Captivity and the ‘Place’ of the Woman Subject.† Early American Literature. 28 (1993) 255-277. Namias, June. White Captives: Gender and Ethnicity on the American Frontier.University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, 1993. Vaughan, Alden T. â€Å"Early English Paradigms for New World Natives.† American Antiquarian Society. 102:1 (1992) 33-67. Woodard, Maureen L. â€Å"Female Captivity and the Deployment of Race in Three Early American Texts.† Papers on Language and Literature. 32:2 (1996)

Language and Gender in Adolescence Essay

In the reading, I agree with Penelope Eckert that adolescents are leaders of linguistic change. According to the World Wide Web, linguistic change is a phenomenon whereby phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other features of language vary over time. Adolescents also known as teenagers or youth play a significant role in deteriorating or accelerating the kind of linguistic system in a particular place or community. If to be analyzed, this can be equated to the strong, active and consistent participation of the youth in voicing out their opinions, getting into social issues and trends, and in creating an environment that is suitable and almost ideal to their generation. In my opinion, there are three reasons which support the claim that adolescents are leaders of linguistic change in today’s age. These are peer pressure, media and the Internet. Peer Pressure A primary concern for teens during adolescence is the issue of ‘fitting in’ and ‘belongingness’. Since adolescence is an adjustment period where children suddenly leap to a stage where he or she would start in creating an image of themselves or a self-concept, there is a tendency for them to be lost and confused to who and what they really should be due to the numerous options in front of them. Often said than not, adolescents are more easily swayed rather than adults. It is easier to teach a youngster that is less matured and still in the process of knowing his or herself than an adult who already has a formed principle and beliefs. For example, if there is a new trend, let’s say in fashion or music, an adolescent would normally be swayed to what is ‘in’ and hit’ to most of the people around him or her so that he or she may be accepted in the circle he or she wanted to belong to. This also goes with his or her choice of words and language. Adolescents tend to speak the way people around them speak. They tend to become the persons their environment and peers dictate them to be in order to be socially accepted and relevant. When it comes to choice of words and language, youth can be easily influenced with what vernacular or words to use since in the stage of puberty serves as their training ground and preparation phase of how and who they’ll be in the future. Moreover, due to peer pressure, adolescents are assigned to groups or pacts which can influence another group of adolescents that make the widening of a certain trend expand faster. For example, in the Philippines there is this particular way or style of speaking called the ‘conyo’. In this manner, the person tends to combine his or her vernacular with American English when speaking in public or to certain persons. Most youth embraced this kind of manner since it is what is ‘in’ and famous among adolescents of their generation. Now, if a group speaks that way then heard by another person or group of persons and then that certain persons adopt the manner of speaking, there is a domino effect of the ‘conyo’ style that changes the linguistic system existing in that certain place or community. Media and the Internet Media and Internet are two powerful tools in linguistic change. This can be viewed in two ways: first, media and internet as tools in changing and influencing the minds and behavior of the people, and second, these tools as used by the people to change and influence their environment. Since most media and internet users are composed of the young population, those of which belong to the teen’s age and young adulthood, it can be concluded that the adolescents compromise this population. Now, how do the media and the Internet serve as tools in influencing their users? The media is changing and along the likes of TV programs that are hit to their viewers, people especially teenagers are going along with the change. Since media is a daily part of one’s life, it can easily influence its viewers on how they should be. For example, most teens mimic their favorite artists with their fashion, choice of stuffs and even with their manner of talking and handling things. Aside from the media, the Internet constitutes a great deal in linguistic change. The trends being delivered by Internet services like instant messaging, blogging and social networking influences the culture of its users when it comes to their linguistic style and system. Instant messaging taught us the short-style of sending messages (i. e. â€Å"Who R U? †, BRB, LOL, and the like). Through media and Internet, adolescents are also exposed to different styles of language. They are exposed to the kind of words they see in web pages, newspapers, magazines and different publications, and hear in TV and radios or in podcasts that sooner or later they’ll adopt. On the other hand, these tools are also used by the people to change and influence their environment and co-individuals. Through these, the youth became more empowered when connecting with their co-youth and when sharing their ideals that affect a great deal of people. They became more heard, powerful and capable of changing the linguistic system they live with. They were able to take control of the system through media, internet, and their characteristics as youth and population. To summarize, I believe that adolescents are the leaders of linguistic change. Primarily, the interconnectedness of peer pressure, media and the internet attributed to the power of the youth to be the catalyst of change in their linguistic system due to their own ways and styles of dealing with their environment and in their process of finding and knowing them

Principles of Management Essay

1. Discuss three (3) different methods of effecting change. Use practical examples from your experience or knowledge, and describe your experience in implementing change. Change will not be effortlessly implemented without an implementation plan or a framework. Change is often implemented in order to resolve issues, concerns, or setbacks to make situations or conditions more desirable. (National Defense University, 2008) It must then follow a process, called research, in order to identify what changes are to be made and how changes are to be implemented. The initial step is to identify the problem or the issue that is to be resolved through change. Next, there should be sufficient background information that supports the pressing need for change. Then it is time to come up with several changes that are suited to solve the problem. Once the most important plan of change is determined, the question of how the change will be implemented should be answered. This includes the plan of action, rules and regulations, etc. Overall, the implementation plan abovementioned solidifies the need to implement change, and becomes a guide to direct an organization in realizing its goals by lessening confusion and ambiguity. Another method to effect change is to involve everyone concerned. In this way, individuals easily accept and adapt to the changes lessening pressure, stress, confusion, and chaos. Moreover, information circulated for everyone involved should be clear, extensive, flexible, and reasonable. For instance, there is a need to revamp the structure of organization through reappointment. Therefore, laying out the reasons for such action is important. These reasons should be evenhanded and logical. Reappointing, hiring, or even laying off should also be reasonable and explicated to employees. The change should also be open to pleas and petitions from employees with consideration to accomplishments, position, character, etc. The entire process is most effectively done through a meeting, with the aid of a well-researched and written report containing all necessary information. (Actalpha, 2008) In this way, change in the structure of the organization, as an example, is unquestionable and easily accepted due to facts. Personally, being informed about future changes makes it easy to accept expected results and outcomes, and lessens fear, resistance and difficulties to implement changes. Lastly, it is most important to set rules to follow on how everyone is to observe the changes implemented. Consistency is vital in allowing effortless adaptation of changes and the facilitation of submission to these changes. Monitoring and supervision would assist in accomplishing this method of change management. (Caroll, 2008) 2. Why are most organizations and individuals resistant to change? What can managers do to facilitate change? As the saying goes, change is inevitable. Although organizations cannot avoid having to implement changes every now and then, its members are more often than not resistant to change. This is because change is accompanied by adjustment and undeterminable outcomes. For organizations, resistance to change is mainly caused by the fear of loss or defeat once changes are implemented. (Bacal, 2008) Organizations and its members are driven by success and the accomplishment or realization of organizational goals and objectives. The primary purpose of change is to improve organizational structure and atmosphere; however, there is always the fear of failure or a letdown if changes that are implemented backfires and does not prove to be sufficient nor appropriate to develop and redirect the organizational situation. To lessen these fears, ambiguity, or apprehensions regarding organizational changes, the manager should be able to utilize his command to facilitate change. As aforementioned in order to answer the previous question, managers should be able to assure the organization and its members that a change is necessary. Assessing all the aspects related to change is also needed. It is the most basic and the most important process in facilitating change. This is carried out through extensive research analysis, plan mapping, formulation of action plans or process maps, etc. These written reports and plans shall be distributed to everyone involved who will be affected by the planned changes to be implemented. Once information is distributed to the members of the organization, managers should conduct a training program or a seminar workshop to initiate a discussion about the issues related to the type of change, and to prepare members of the organization for changes in roles and responsibilities, rules and regulations, salary, etc. through training and workshop. (Southeast Association of Facilitators, 2007) After the training program or seminar workshop, the management is now able to implement the changes formally. At this point, rules and regulations should be observed strictly and consistently in order to sustain the transition from the old to the new working situation or environment.

Motivation in Burger King Essay

All employees who undergo training at Burger King are not charged however they are expected to fund for the normal living expenses such as commuting and accommodation costs.  For new employees such as till staff and kitchen staff Burger King has a ‘Right Track Training Programme’ to ensure they have the best start to Burger King. This training programme is a comprehensive induction and training programme covering everything from Health & Safety and Food safety through to working in the dining area, front counter or kitchen and how to make each product. Through providing an induction to all new staff it allows new staff to see how they’ll be working, where they’ll be working and who their fellow employees are. Also how things are done to help them fit in.  Burger King believes that all their employees will learn what they need to know by shadowing which is when they work alongside others as well as using their new interactive DVD Programmes. It would be beneficial for Burger King to carry out an appraisal system but instead of annually it may be more favourable for them to be carried out every few months. This would then help employees to see what they are working well at and what things to improve on; these could then be made into targets which success could result in promotion or pay rise. The quicker employees feel wanted, the quicker they are earning money for Burger King. From reviewing staff progress more frequently it may give employees more motivation to stay working at Burger King for a longer period as they now have aims and goals which could improve their career. This would mean less training costs for Burger King and also in the long run a low staff turnover. At present I believe the techniques that Burger King is using to train their employees and managers, such as shadowing and induction programmes are effective in what they are doing. However, if Burger King want to ensure that employees stay in the job for a longer period it may be beneficial for them to do other training techniques such as training weekends away. This will build team skills and also allow employees to interact with staff from other sectors in which they work in. Motivation in Burger King In this section I am going to explore the different motivational theorists and see how their theories affect Burger King.  Motivation is having the desire and willingness to do something. A motivated person can be reaching for either a long-term goal or a short term goal. Motivation is important as if employees are motivated to work; it increases the quality of products and therefore the reputation of a business. This is a major factor within Burger King as they are known for a high staff turnover. However, if their staff were more motivated and saw the long term opportunities for working for Burger King, they may be more willing to stay on and try for promotion.

Can Public Relations Be Ethically Moral

Can public relations be ethically moral? Should we be involved in them if we want to be moral individuals? But what is ethical, moral and what is already unethical, immoral? Where are the frontiers? And who define them? The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy explains: â€Å"The field of ethics, also called moral philosophy, involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior† (http://www. iep. utm. edu/e/ethics. htm). All definitions of ethics usually share certain notions such as distinguishing right from wrong, and determining the nature of what should be valued. In the public relations discipline, ethics embraces values like honesty, openness, loyalty, fair-mindedness, respect, integrity, and forthright communication. But people do not consider it in order life . Public relations are often immoral. Everybody wants the best for himself and people are hell-bent for everything. They use different methods to gain it. A man behaves often like a wild animal in a jungle. Thus if you want to survive you have to follow. You have to take the rules of the majority. And unfortunately, these rules are not always in accordance with ethics. The frontiers of ethic have moved only because our society lets them. What used to be immoral in the past, is considering normal today. There is no right way how to avoid immorality in public relations. The question is, how strong it is and will become. The answer will primarily depend on the society and its future action in moving the frontiers of ethics.

Mona Lisa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mona Lisa - Research Paper Example 71). The Mona Lisa has an allure that can’t be explained, its popularity to a level where almost anyone in the Western world will recognize the work. Furthermore, the image has become a part of pop art, its imagery of a serene woman with a slight smile gracing items from merchandise such as coffee mugs, t-shirts, and greeting cards. The work has been taken by other artists and re-imagined into their own conceptualization, the imagery a part of the public sphere, thus subject to being used to created post-modern commentary on the consumerist culture. The Mona Lisa is the most famous piece of art in the world, the skill with which it was rendered now secondary to the iconic impact that it has upon popular culture. The Mona Lisa was begun in 1503 and finished in 1506. The work represents all that was best within the discoveries that were made during the Renaissance in painting towards representing reality. The painting uses finely crafted perspective, with all lines converging to wards a singular point. The painting is an example of geometric scaling within a painting, the symmetry and harmony of the piece provided through the triangulation of the composition. Da Vinci used chiaroscuro techniques, the use of light and shadow, to model the curves and features of his subject. Dark undertones were used to create a foundation from which he used multiple layers of thin, semi-transparent glazes, a technique called sfumato. One of the most significant changes in the history of art is represented by the Mona Lisa as the movement was begun away from wall frescos and toward oil paintings that were done on an easel which changed the way in which painted art was most often formed (Strickland & Boswell, 1992, p. 34). It is possible that the piece represents the wife of Giocondo, a Florentine merchant (Strickland & Boswell, 1992, p. 34). However, both because Leonardo da Vinci was known to be a strikingly handsome man with fine features, and the similarities that exist in the basic structure of Mona Lisa’s face to his own, there is some speculation that this is a self-portrait with gender reversal, an examination of how he would look if he was a woman (Cremante & Pedretti, 2005, p. 248). The painting infamously seems to hold a secret, the slight, serene smile suggesting that something more is being shown than what is most obvious in the work. Therefore, the Mona Lisa, with its unclear subject and chaste, yet seductive mystery, is a work that has held the interest of the public since it was put on display in the Louvre and the world was introduced to her. The work is known as the most famous work of art in the world. According to Sassoon (2002), an Italian opinion poll conducted in February of 2000 asked the question â€Å"What do you think is the best known painting in the world?†. The overwhelming response at a rate of 85.8% was the Mona Lisa (p. 9). However, the reasons behind its popularity are hazy, an unclear path that is hard to fully determine. The rise of popularity in the 20th century might be due to the theft that occurred in 1911. The painting was missing for almost two years, thus creating a further mystery around the mythology of the work that is only enhanced by the mysterious look of the woman in the portrait. According to Strickland and Bosewell (1992), between 1911 and 1952, at least 61 recreations by other artists had come into existence, the iconic history of the painting then going fully commercial with the works of Andy Warhol and Jasper Johns making

Celebrated Cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Celebrated Cases - Essay Example overwhelming evidence, the offender was found guilty of several counts of aggravated sexual assault and felony murder for killing the young girl while committing other atrocities on her. The jury ruled that Timmendequas carried out the crime â€Å"purposely† and â€Å"out of his own conduct†, propping his eligibility for a death penalty. He was sentenced to death, a ruling that was upheld by the Supreme Court of New Jersey on appeal (Scheb, 2010). This Case was the basis for the adoption of Megan’s law. With all the controversy surrounding it, it requires that the names of sexual offenders and pictures of their faces be distributed to members of a community in the event that such an offender resides among them. The profiles of these offenders are also available in databases accessible by any interested group or persons (Shultz, 2005). The New Jersey legislature was prevailed upon to adopt the Sex offender Community Notification into law. Eventually, the U.S Congress cemented a legislation that required every State to register certain specified offences and the offenders. It subsequently raised the bar for every State to implement community notification. This law had unanimous approval in most States, with some such as Florida not bothering to debate the positives over the negatives of enacting such a law (Siegel, 2011). However, Courts took a more critical assessment of these laws and struck out parts of the provisions . Scholars of law also had varied reactions and criticism. . Coming before it was the Weterlling Act enacted by Congress in 1994, stipulating that all offenders charged and convicted with sexual offenses be registered. The Megan Case provided a platform for the improvement of this Act: Emanating from the huge debate it elicited nationwide, there emerged the policy for mandatory registration of all sex offenders, including related offences such as false imprisonment and kidnapping. It would not only stop at that, communities were to be notified if

Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle - Research Paper Example This essay discusses the Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle, that is aimed for two main functions. First, transport a Marine Corps Rifle Squad from the sea to the shore and second - to provide armor operational capabilities on land. The assault vehicles are transported in ships and can be launched beyond the visual horizon. The visual horizon is the visible limit to detect presence of ships at sea from the shore line. This distance is translated as 25 kilometers as per the planning and development of the program. The supporters of this program argue and justify the flexibility that the assault vehicles provide to the Marines. The over the horizon launch capability provides protection to the amphibious ships till 25 kilometers from the shore. Furthermore, once deployed the vehicles have enough speed to make enemy tracking and defensive measures in the sea difficult. The time to reach the shore has also been shortened. The researcher then concluds that Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle was an ambitious program that provided lethal capabilities and its design matured over years. The program, however, could not prove its reliability and did not come up to the desired standards of the Marine Corps. The in service Amphibious Assault Vehicle has gone through various life extension programs and upgraded over time to meet operational requirement. The termination of the program was a serious setback to the Marine Corps and its replacement must provide with upgraded hardware to cope with the evolving Marine Corps strategy and doctrines.